The religious accounts claim that in 1531 Virgin Mary appeared four times to Juan Diego, an indigenous Mexican who had converted to Catholicism after the Spanish conquered the Aztec empire 10 years earlier. Speaking to him in his native tongue, Nahuatl, she asked him to go to the top Catholic authorities in Mexico to ask for a temple to be built for her on the hill where Juan Diego envisioned her, el Tepeyac.
That was the same site where the Mexica worshiped the mother goddess Tonantzin. The accounts also claim that Fray Juan de Zumárraga, the archbishop of Mexico City, dismissed Juan Diego who kept insisting and finally brought proof of his visions. The Virgin instructed Juan Diego to take Castilian roses to Zumárraga in his cloak. When he delivered them, the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe was on the fabric of his cloak. Since then, la Guadalupana has become a symbol of being Mexican. When father Miguel Hidalgo launched the war for Mexican independence from Spain, he carried an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Years later, when the United States invaded Mexico in 1847, the last fighters in Mexico City carried banners with her image as they defended the capital from the U.S. army that eventually took the city. During the revolution of 1910, rebel leader Emiliano Zapata carried a banner with her image to rally his army. The Zapatista uprising of 1994 would follow that example and take la Virgen Morena as one of their symbols. That’s why it is hard to think of a Mexico without la Virgen de Guadalupe. (Gustavo Martínez Contreras)